---
slug: "nftables-examples"
title: "Nftables Examples"
date: "2021-10-20"

# show table of contents
toc: true

pics:
  journalctl-drop-entries:
    css: "image"
    tip: "nftables DROP entries in journalctl log"
    sources:
      - "/files/articles/nftables-examples/journalctl-drop-entries.webp"
      - src: "/files/articles/nftables-examples/journalctl-drop-entries.png"
        width: 582
        height: 471
---
## Overview

This article contains setup tips and complete [nftables][nft]
configurations for a couple of my systems.

The official [nftables][nft] documentation is available on the [nftables
wiki][].

## Initial Setup

First, I add `/etc/nftables-reset.conf`, which is documented in the
[Reset Script][reset-script] section below.

On remote machines I also add this commented entry to the root
[`crontab`][cron]:

```bash
# enable when fiddling with firewall or else...
# */10 * * * * /sbin/nft -f /etc/nftables-reset.conf
```

This entry resets the firewall rules every 10 minutes, so if (when) I
make a mistake I am only locked out for a few minutes.

When making firewall changes on a remote machine I do the following:

1. Uncomment the [`crontab`][cron] entry.
2. Make the firewall changes.
3. Verify that the firewall changes are working as expected.
4. Comment the [`crontab`][cron] entry out again.

I learned this trick the hard way after a handful of  hilarious blunders
with [`iptables`][iptables] in the past.

It's not strictly necessary because modern hosting providers typically
offer web shell access, but I still do it out of habit.

## Server Firewall

Here is a `nftables.conf` for a server with only `https` and
[Wireguard][] exposed to the outside world.  There is also a disabled
rule to enable external [SSH][], but I haven't used it yet because I
always [SSH][ssh] to the system through the [Wireguard VPN][wireguard].

```bash
#!/sbin/nft -f

#
# nftables.conf: nftables config for server firewall
#
# input chain
# -----------
# * accept all traffic related to established connections
# * accept all traffic on loopback iface and wireguard iface
# * accept icmp, https, and wireguard traffic on external iface
# * drop and count any other input traffic
#
# forward chain
# -------------
# * accept all forwarded traffic (TODO: lock this down more)
#
# output chain
# ------------
# * accept and count all output traffic (TODO: lock this down more)
#
# Commands
# --------
# * `nft list counters`: to show counter values
# * `nft list ruleset`: list rules
# * `nft monitor`: monitor traces
# * `nft monitor trace | grep 'output packet'`: monitor out traffic
# * `nft -f /etc/nftables-reset.conf`: disable filters
#
# Notes
# -----
# * See commented "log" line below to log dropped input headers
# * Used to need to enable non-wg http for certbot, but that isn't
#   necessary now because of `certbot-dns-linode`
#

# clear rules
flush ruleset

table inet filter {
  # declare named counters
  counter drop_ct_invalid {}
  counter accept_ct_rel {}
  counter drop_loop_v4 {}
  counter drop_loop_v6 {}
  counter accept_icmp_v4 {}
  counter accept_icmp_v6 {}
  # counter accept_ssh {}
  counter accept_https {}
  counter accept_wg {}
  counter drop_input {}
  counter accept_output {}

  chain input {
    # input policy: drop
    type filter hook input priority 0; policy drop;

    # connection tracker
    ct state invalid counter name drop_ct_invalid drop \
      comment "drop ct invalid"
    ct state {established, related} counter name accept_ct_rel accept \
      comment "accept ct established, related"

    # accept all loopback/wg0 traffic
    iif lo accept comment "accept iif lo"
    iif wg0 accept comment "accept iif wg0"

    # drop loopback traffic on non-loopback interfaces
    iif != lo ip daddr 127.0.0.1/8 counter name drop_loop_v4 drop \
      comment "drop invalid loopback traffic"
    iif != lo ip6 daddr ::1/128 counter name drop_loop_v6 drop \
      comment "drop invalid loopback traffic"

    # accept icmp
    ip protocol icmp counter name accept_icmp_v4 accept \
      comment "accept icmp v4"
    ip6 nexthdr icmpv6 counter name accept_icmp_v6 accept \
      comment "accept icmp v6"

    # accept external ssh (disabled)
    # tcp dport 22 counter name accept_ssh accept comment "accept ssh"

    # accept external https and wireguard
    tcp dport 443 counter name accept_https accept comment "accept https"
    udp dport 51818 counter name accept_wg accept comment "accept wg"

    # count/log remaining (disabled because of log spam)
    # counter name drop_input log prefix "DROP " comment "drop input"

    # count remaining (no logging)
    counter name drop_input comment "drop input"
  }

  # accept all forwarding (TODO: lock this down more)
  chain forward {
    # forward policy: accept
    type filter hook forward priority 0; policy accept;
  }

  # count/accept all output (TODO: lock this down more)
  chain output {
    # output policy: accept
    type filter hook output priority 0; policy accept;
    counter name accept_output comment "accept output"
  }
}
```

## Laptop Firewall

The `nftables.conf` for my personal laptop is below.  It's a more
elaborate than the server configuration from the previous section,
because I am dealing with:

* A pair of extremely chatty [Chromecasts][chromecast]
* Three [Wireguard][] [VPNs][vpn]
* [Syncthing][]
* [UPNP][] broadcasts
* [PCP][]
* [MDNS][]
* Traffic from local [VMs][vm]
* [tracing][] support (disabled by default)
* `DROP` logging (I monitor this via a `journalctl -f` on a virtual
  desktop)

The [Syncthing][] and [Chromecast][] rules are examples of:

* IP sets,
* port number sets, and
* port number ranges

```bash
#!/sbin/nft -f

#
# nftables.conf: laptop firewall
#
# * input chain:
# input chain
# -----------
# * accept traffic related to established connections
# * accept traffic on loopback and wireguard interfaces
# * accept icmp, igmp, ssh, dhcp, mdns, syncthing, and chromecast traffic
# * drop, count, and trace any other inbound traffic
#
# forward chain
# -------------
# * accept and count all forwarded traffic
#
# output chain
# ------------
# * policy accept, until I refine the rules more
# * accept common traffic, and count monitor all output traffic
# * optional trace (disabled)
#
# Commands
# --------
# * `nft list ruleset`: list rules
# * `nft list counters`: to show counter values
# * `nft monitor`: monitor traces
# * `nft monitor trace | grep 'output packet'`: monitor out traffic
# * `nft -f /etc/nftables-reset.conf`: disable filters
#
# Notes
# -----
# * See "log" line in input chain to log dropped input
#

# clear rules
flush ruleset

table inet filter {
  # declare named counters
  counter drop_in_ct_invalid {}
  counter accept_in_ct_rel {}
  counter drop_loop_v4 {}
  counter drop_loop_v6 {}
  counter accept_icmp_v4 {}
  counter accept_icmp_v6 {}
  counter accept_ssh {}
  counter drop_input {}
  counter accept_forward {}
  counter drop_out_ct_invalid {}
  counter accept_out_ct_rel {}
  counter accept_output {}

  # chromecast IPs (chatty in the ephemeral udp port range)
  # src: https://blog.g3rt.nl/allow-google-chromecast-host-firewall-iptables.html
  define CHROMECASTS = {
    192.168.1.153,
    192.168.1.168
  }

  chain input {
    # input policy: drop
    type filter hook input priority 0; policy drop;

    # connection tracker
    ct state invalid counter name drop_in_ct_invalid drop \
      comment "drop ct invalid"
    ct state {established, related} counter name accept_in_ct_rel accept \
      comment "accept ct established, related"

    # accept all loopback/wg/virbr* traffic
    # NOTE: "iifname" is slower than "iif", but it allows name globbing
    # and i want to match on all 3 wireguard ifaces
    iif lo accept comment "accept iif lo"
    iifname "wg*" accept comment "accept iif wg*"
    iifname "virbr*" accept comment "accept iif virbr*"

    # drop loopback traffic on non-loopback interfaces
    iif != lo ip daddr 127.0.0.1/8 counter name drop_loop_v4 drop \
      comment "drop invalid loopback traffic"
    iif != lo ip6 daddr ::1/128 counter name drop_loop_v6 drop \
      comment "drop invalid loopback traffic"

    # accept icmp
    ip protocol icmp counter name accept_icmp_v4 accept \
      comment "accept icmp v4"
    ip6 nexthdr icmpv6 counter name accept_icmp_v6 accept \
      comment "accept icmp v6"

    # accept igmp
    ip daddr 224.0.0.1 accept comment "accept igmp"

    # accept ssh, dhcp, upnp, pcp, and mdns
    tcp dport 22 counter name accept_ssh accept comment "accept ssh"
    udp dport 68 counter accept comment "accept dhcp"
    udp sport 1900 counter accept comment "accept upnp"
    udp dport 5131 counter accept comment "accept pcp"
    udp dport 5353 counter accept comment "accept mdns"

    # accept syncthing
    # src: https://docs.syncthing.net/users/firewall.html
    tcp dport 22000 counter accept comment "accept syncthing"
    udp dport {21027, 22000} counter accept comment "accept syncthing"

    # accept chromecast traffic
    ip saddr $CHROMECASTS udp dport 32768-65535 \
      accept comment "accept chromecast"

    # drop netgear usb control center/readyshare traffic
    # (src: https://www.speedguide.net/port.php?port=7423)
    udp dport 7423 drop comment "drop netgear readyshare"

    # log drops
    log prefix "DROP "

    # count/monitor drops
    counter name drop_input meta nftrace set 1 comment "drop input"
  }

  # accept all forwarding
  # (TODO: lock this down more)
  chain forward {
    # forward policy: accept
    type filter hook forward priority 0; policy accept;
    counter name accept_forward comment "accept forward"
  }

  # output chain
  # (TODO: the output policy is ACCEPT until I can spend some more
  # time locking this down)
  chain output {
    # output policy: accept
    type filter hook output priority 0; policy accept;

    # connection tracker
    ct state invalid counter name drop_out_ct_invalid drop \
      comment "drop ct invalid"
    ct state {established, related} counter name accept_out_ct_rel accept \
      comment "accept ct established, related"

    # accept all loopback/wg/virbr0 traffic
    # NOTE: "iifname" is slower than "iif", but it allows name globbing
    # and i want to match on all 3 wireguard ifaces
    oif lo accept comment "accept oif lo"
    oifname "wg*" accept comment "accept oif wg*"
    oifname "virbr*" accept comment "accept oif virbr*"

    # drop loopback traffic on non-loopback interfaces
    oif != lo ip daddr 127.0.0.1/8 counter name drop_loop_v4 drop \
      comment "drop invalid loopback traffic"
    oif != lo ip6 daddr ::1/128 counter name drop_loop_v6 drop \
      comment "drop invalid loopback traffic"

    # accept icmp
    ip protocol icmp counter accept comment "accept icmp v4"
    ip6 nexthdr icmpv6 counter accept comment "accept icmp v6"

    # accept igmp
    ip daddr 224.0.0.0/24 accept comment "accept igmp"

    # accept out ssh, http, https, dns, dhcp, https (udp), upnp, pcp, and mdns
    tcp dport {22, 80, 443} counter accept
    udp dport {53, 67, 443, 1900, 5131, 5353} counter accept

    # accept syncthing
    # src: https://docs.syncthing.net/users/firewall.html
    tcp sport 22000 counter accept comment "accept syncthing"
    tcp dport 22000 counter accept comment "accept syncthing"
    udp sport {21027, 22000} counter accept comment "accept syncthing"
    udp dport {21027, 22000} counter accept comment "accept syncthing"

    # accept chromecast traffic
    ip saddr $CHROMECASTS udp dport 32768-65535 \
      accept comment "accept chromecast"

    # accept outbound wireguard traffic
    # FIXME: should probably lock down dest addrs
    udp dport 51818-51820 accept comment "accept wireguard"

    # monitor output accepts
    #
    # Enable this and then monitor outbound traffic like so:
    #   nft monitor trace | grep 'output packet'
    meta nftrace set 1 comment "trace output"

    # count accepts (no trace)
    counter name accept_output comment "accept output"
  }
}
```

Here's what the `DROP` rules look like in the `journalctl -f`
output:

{{< pe-figure "journalctl-drop-entries" >}}

## Reset Script

I always have a file which clears the firewall rules named
`/etc/nftables-reset.conf` and looks like this:

```bash
#!/usr/sbin/nft -f

#
# nftables-reset.conf: clear nft rules
#
# (what did you do this time?)
#

flush ruleset

table inet filter {
  chain input {
    type filter hook input priority 0; policy accept;
  }

  chain forward {
    type filter hook forward priority 0;
  }

  chain output {
    type filter hook output priority 0;
  }
}
```

The path and file name are arbitrary, but I always put it in the same
file so I can use the following command to clear the firewall rules
on any machine I am working on:

```bash
nft -f /etc/nftables-reset.conf
```

## Bonus: DNATs and Maps

If you have a [VPN][] to your house and your home network uses a common
reserved subnet (`192.168.0.0/24`, `192.168.1.0/24`, `192.168.100.0/24`,
etc), then you can use [DNATting][dnat] and [maps][] to make everything
play nicely together.

In my case, I [DNAT][dnat] all incoming traffic from the [Wireguard][]
interface that is destined for `192.168.2.0/24` to `192.168.1.0/24` and
masquerade the return traffic using [nftables][nft].

Here is the `nftables.conf`:

```bash
#!/usr/sbin/nft -f

flush ruleset

table ip nat {
  # dnat 192.168.2.0/24 to 192.168.1.0/24 map
  map dnats {
    type ipv4_addr: ipv4_addr;

    elements = {
      # deliberately remapping 2.100 to 1.1 here, the reason isn't
      # relevant but it's an example of doing arbitrary DNATs with an
      # nftables map
      192.168.2.100: 192.168.1.1,

      192.168.2.2: 192.168.1.2,   # nfs
      192.168.2.3: 192.168.1.3,   # user
      192.168.2.4: 192.168.1.4,   # hive
      # ... snipped for brevity ...
      192.168.2.253: 192.168.1.253,
      192.168.2.254: 192.168.1.254
    }
  }

  # dnat incoming wg0 traffic to 192.168.1.0/24
  chain prerouting {
    type nat hook prerouting priority 0;
    policy accept;
    iifname "wg0" ip daddr 192.168.2.0/24 dnat ip daddr map @dnats;
  }

  # masquerade 192.168.3.0/24 traffic
  # (so return traffic has routable src IP)
  chain postrouting {
    type nat hook postrouting priority 100;
    policy accept;
    oifname "eth0" ip saddr 192.168.3.0/24 masquerade
  }
}
```

[nft]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nftables
  "nft command-line tool and nftables Linux firewall subsystem"
[vm]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_virtual_machine
  "Virtual machine"
[cron]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cron
  "Unix periodic job scheduler"
[ssh]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell
  "Secure Shell"
[wireguard]: https://wireguard.com/
  "Wireguard VPN"
[vpn]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_network
  "Virtual Private Network"
[reset-script]: #reset-script
  "Escape hatch for my mistakes"
[iptables]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iptables
  "iptables command-line Linux firewall tool"
[chromecast]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromecast
  "Great way to play annoying YouTube videos on your TV"
[upnp]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Plug_and_Play
  "Universal Plug and Play"
[pcp]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Control_Protocol
  "Port Control Protocol"
[mdns]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicast_DNS
  "Multicast Domain Name Service"
[syncthing]: https://syncthing.net/
  "Continuous file synchronization program"
[tracing]: https://wiki.nftables.org/wiki-nftables/index.php/Ruleset_debug/tracing
  "nft packet tracing"
[dnat]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translation
  "Destination Network Address Translation"
[maps]: https://wiki.nftables.org/wiki-nftables/index.php/Maps
  "nftables maps"
[nftables wiki]: https://wiki.nftables.org/
  "nftables wiki"